Ha bana ba bangata ba fanoa ka ente, ba hlahisa li-antibodies tse ka li thusang ho hanela tšoaetso e itseng ea kokoana-hloko, e kang lefu la sebete, lefu la polio le maselese, joalo-joalo kapa mafu a baktheria, ho akarelletsa le tetanus, pertussis (ho khohlela), le diphtheria, joalo-joalo.
Le hoja ho 'nile ha e-ba le batho ba bang ba khahlanong le liente, batho ba bangata ba nahanne ka liente tsa mafu e le e' ngoe ea liphihlelo tse kholohali tsa bophelo bo botle ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo.
Histori ea Liente
- Edward Jenner o etsa liteko ka 1796 tse entseng hore ho thehoe ente ea pele ea sekholopane lilemo tse 'maloa hamorao' me e nkela sebaka se fapaneng e le thibelo ea sekholopane
- Chankana ea rabies e hlahisoa ke Louis Pasteur ka 1885
- Liente tsa k'holera le typhoid li ile tsa hlahisoa ka 1896 le thibelo ea lefu ka 1887
- Pheko ea pele ea diphtheria e hlahisoa hoo e ka bang ka 1913 ka mosebetsi oa Emil Adolf Behring, William Hallock Park le ba bang
- Liente tsa pele tsa sele-cell pertussis li hlahisoa ka 1914, le hoja li tla nka lilemo tse mashome pele li sebelisoa haholo
- Tlhahlobo ea tetanase e hlahisoa ka 1927
- Bana ba 12 ba shoa ha botlolo bo sebelisoang ka mefuta-futa ea ente ea diphtheria e sa kang ea e-ba le tšireletso e silafalitsoe ke libaktheria Lelokong la Queensland ka 1928
- Max Theiler o hlahisa ente ea pele ea yellow fever ka 1936
- AAP e lumellana le tšebeliso ea ente ea pertussis e entsoeng ke Pearl Kendrick le Grace Eldering ka 1943
- Mokotla oa pele oa sefuba o lumelloa ho sebelisoa US ka 1945
- Motho e mong le e mong ea entsoeng ka diphtheria, tetanase le pertussis o kopantsoe ka ente e le 'ngoe ea DTP ka 1948
- Salk e sa sebelise ente ea polio (IPV) e hlahisoa ka 1955
- Bana ba ka bang 200 ba hlahisa polio ka 1955 ho tsoa liente tse nang le tšoaetso ea polio tse tsejoang e le Ketsahalo ea Cutter
- Phofu ea lefu la pholi ea Sabin (OPV) e phelang le ea molomo e nkela sebaka sa thibelo ea polio ea Salk ka 1962
- Setsi sa pele sa thibelo ea mesophili e ne e lumelloa ka 1963 empa se ile sa nkeloa sebaka ke kokoana-hloko e 'ngoe e nang le tšoaetso ea kokoana-hloko e ileng ea baka litla-morao tse fokolang ka 1968
- Mokotla oa MMR o fumaneha ka 1971, o kopantsoe le liente tsa masopi, masapo (a lumelloa ka 1967), le rubella (1969), 'me o ne o fanoa hangata ha bana ba banyenyane ba ka ba likhoeli tse 15
- Kamehla ho entoa ka liente tsa sekholopane ho fela ho US ka 1972
- Pneumovax , lenane la pele la ente ea pneumococcal le sireletsang bana le batho ba baholo ho tsoa mefuta e meng ea Streptococcus pneumoniae libaktheria e amoheloa ka 1971 'me e fuoa bana ba kotsing e kholo
- Lefatše la mashome a mararo le metso e meraro ea Bophelo bo Botle e phatlalatsa hore sekholopane se felisoa ka 1979
- Menomune, lenane la pele la meningococcal le lumelloa ka 1981 'me le buelloa ho bana ba kotsing e kholo ho fihlela hamorao e nkeloa sebaka ke Menactra
- Boloetse bo entsoeng ke lefu la sebete sa lefu la sebete sa mali bo na le tumello ka 1981
- Roulette ea liente , e leng karolo ea litsekisano, lifofane ka 1982 'me e leka ho kopanya ente ea DPT e nang le tšenyo ea boko bo sa feleng, e fokotsa likotsi tsa mafu a pertussis' me e thusa ho qala boholo ba tsamaiso ea kajeno ea ho thibela ente
- Phofu ea haemophilus b capsular polysaccharide e na le tumello ka 1985, empa ka bomalimabe ha e fane ka tšireletso e ntle bakeng sa likhoeli tse 18 ho ea ho tse 24 tsa bana, ba kotsing haholo bakeng sa Haemophilus influenzae Mofuta oa b botho
- Boloetse bo nang le lithibela-hloko tsa hepatitis B (Recombivax HB) bo amoheloa ka 1986 empa bo khothalletsoa ho sebelisoa ho ba kotsing e kholo ea tšoaetso
- Phofu e 'ngoe ea hepatitis B, Engerix-B, e amoheloa ka 1989
- Lefu la pele la Haemophilus b conjugate (PRP-D) le amoheloa ka 1988 ho fana ka tšireletso khahlanong le lefu la Haemophilus influenzae mofuta oa b bana bohle ba ka bang likhoeli tse 18, empa ka 1990, ba nkeloa sebaka ke liente tse peli tse ntlafetseng tsa Hib conjugate (PRP-HbOC) le PRP-OMP) e ka fuoang masea a kang likhoeli tse peli
- Phofshoana e kholo ea MMR e khothalletsoa ka lekhetlo la pele ka 1989, empa ke bakeng sa bana ba phelang libakeng tse nang le bonyane linyeoe tse 5 tsa maselese. Lenaneo la 2 la tekanyo ea MMR ha lea sebelisoa ho bana bohle ho fihlela ka 1994.
- Lenaneo la ho Tlaleha la Liketsahalo tse Ntle (Vacant Events) le thehiloe ka 1990
- Liente tsa hepatitis B le Hib li buelloa ho bana bohle ka 1991
- Phepo ea DTaP, eo ho nahanoang hore e na le litla-morao tse fokolang ho feta DTP e lumelloe, 'me ka 1997 e nkela DTP sebaka bakeng sa litekanyetso tsohle tse hlokahalang, le hoja DTP e sa bontšoe hore e bakile tsietsing kapa e senya boko, joalokaha ho kile ha boleloa ho Vaccine Roulette
- WHO e bolela hore polio e tlosoa Lefapheng la Bochabela la Lefatše ka 1994
- Kofu ea ho sireletsa bana khahlanong le likhoho (Varivax) e na le tumello ka 1995
- VAQTA, thibelo ea pele ea lefu la sebete e amoheloa ke FDA ka 1996 bakeng sa bana ba nang le bonyane lilemo tse peli empa ba fuoa bana ba kotsing e kholo ea ho fumana lefu la sebete la A
- Salk e sa sebelisetsoe ho thibela polio (IPV) e boetse e khothaletsoa bakeng sa bana 'me e nkela thibelo ea polio (oral vaccine) (OPV) ka 1996 ka lebaka la monyetla o monyenyane oa ho thibela lefu la phofo ea lefu lena (VAPP), e qalang ka lenane la tlhahlobo ea thibelo ea IPV-OPV le ebe o ea lenaneong la IPV ka 2000
- RotaShield, kokoana-hloko ea pele ea rotavirus e lumelloa ka 1998 empa haufinyane e tlosoa 'marakeng ka 1999 kamora' me e amahanngoa le kotsi e eketsehileng ea ho ba le tšusumetso e ntle, mokhoa oa ho thibela malapa
- LYMErix, ente ea lefu la Lyme, e na le tumello ka 1998
- Dr. Andrew Wakefield o phatlalatsa tlaleho koranteng ea Lancet e leka ho amahanya MMR le autism
- Thimerosal e tlosoa likhutsana tse ngata lilemong tsa 1999 le 2000
- Ho boleloa hore masero a bolaeang a felisoa United States ka 2000
- Prevnar, ente e ncha ea pneumococcal eo ho seng mohla e nang le thimerosal, e lumelloa ka 2000 'me e kenyelitsoe lenaneong la ente selemong se hlahlamang
- LYMErix o tloha 'marakeng ka lebaka la thekiso e sa lekaneng ka 2002
- Flumist, kokoana-hloko e phelang, e se nang phepo, e amoheloa ka 2004
- Rubella ea ho qetela e phatlalatsoa e felisoa United States ka 2004
- Lefuba le thuntsoeng bakeng sa bana bohle ba phetseng hantle pakeng tsa likhoeli tse 6 le tse 23 e ile ea e-ba khothalletso ea molao bakeng sa selemo sa 2004 sa feberu.
- Ho qala ka selemo sa 2004-05 sefuba, mokhachane o khothaletsoa ho basali ba tla ima nakong ea likhoeli, ka likhoeli tse tharo, tse fapaneng ho feta litlhahiso tsa nakong e fetileng bakeng sa ente ea mokhachane haeba mosali a ne a ka feta ka holimo ho halofo ea pele ea ho ima nakong ea feberu. Ka bomalimabe, le hoja ba le kotsing e kholo, ke feela 13% ea basali ba bakhachane ba fumanang ente ea mafu a fefo ka 2003.
- Havrix, e leng ente e 'ngoe ea lefu la hepatitis A, e amoheloa ka 2005' me nako e bontšang hore liente tsa lefu la hepatitis A li theoleloa lilemong tse 12.
- Menactra, ente ea ho sireletsa khahlanong le mefuta e itseng ea lefu la meningococcal e fuoa tumello ka 2005 'me e kenngoa lenaneong la ente ka 2006, ho buelloa ho bohle ba lilemo li 11 ho ea ho tse 12 kapa ha ba kena sekolong se phahameng
- Koetliso ea Tdap (Boostrix kapa Adacel) e kgothaletswa ho bacha le batho ba baholo hore ba ba sireletse ho tloha ka 2006 mme ba nkela sebaka sa pele sa thibelo ea Td se neng se sebetsa khahlanong le tetanase le diphtheria
- RotaTeq, e leng ente e 'ngoe ea rotavirus, e na le tumello ka 2006' me e kenngoa lenaneong la ente ka 2007
- Lenane la hepatitis A le kenngoa lenaneong la tšebetso ea bana nakong ea bokhachane ka 2006
- Gardasil, thibelo ea pele ea HPV, e amoheloa ka 2006
- Lebelo la bobeli le lekaneng la ente ea entsoeng ka khoho le kenngoa lenaneong la ente ka 2007 ho thusa ho thibela tšoaetso ea katleho
- Phofu e 'ngoe ea rotavirus, RotaRix, e amoheloa ka 2008
- Phofu e 'ngoe ea HPV, Cervarix, e amoheloa ka 2009
- Phofu e 'ngoe ea meningococcal, Menveo, e amoheloa ka 2010
- Phetolelo e ncha ea Prevnar, e ka fanang ka boitsebiso khahlanong le mefuta e 13 ea libaktheria tsa pneumococcal, e amoheloa mme e nkela sebaka sa khale (Prevnar 7) ka 2010
- Mefuta e 'meli e mecha ea ente ea pheko e ileng ea e-ba teng ka 2011, e bitsoang Fluzone Intradermal le Fluzone High-Dose.
- Pheko ea motsoako e sireletsang khahlanong le Haemophilus influenzae mofuta oa b le Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C le Y e ile ea amoheloa ke FDA ka 2013. MenHibrix e khothalletsoa bakeng sa masea a kotsing e kholo ea mafu a meriana.
- Liente tse nang le mafu a mane, tse sireletsang khahlanong le mefuta e mene ea mafu a fefo, li fumaneha bakeng sa selemo sa 2013-14 sa mocheso
- Trumenba, thibelo ea pele ea ho sireletsa khahlanong le lefu la serogroup B Meningococcal e amoheloa ke FDA (October 2014). Pele ho moo, Bexsero, thibelo ea MenB e amoheloang linaheng tse ling, e ile ea fuoa liithuti tse ling tsa k'holejeng nakong ea likhahla tlas'a lenaneo la ho atolosa la FDA bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa lipatlisiso. Ka bobeli li khothaletsoa ke ACIP bakeng sa ba nang le kotsing e eketsehileng bakeng sa tšoaetso ea meningococcal serogroup B.
- Gardasil 9 e amoheloa ke FDA (December 2014) ho fana ka tšireletso khahlanong le mefuta e meng e mehlano ea HPV.
Liente tsa motsoako
Ho phaella ho liente tsena tse ncha, liente tse 'maloa tse ncha li entsoe ka lilemo tse ngata, ho akarelletsa:
- Tetramune , motsoako oa DTP le Hib, 1993
- Comvax , motsoako oa Hib le Hepatitis B, ka 1996
- Pediarix , motsoako oa DTaP, IPV, le thibelo ea hepatitis B, ka 2004
- ProQuad , motsoako oa MMR le Varivax, ka 2006
- Pentacel , motsoako oa DTaP, IPV, le Hib, ka 2008
- Kinrix , motsoako oa DTaP le IPV, ka 2008
Le hoja ba sa fetole palo ea liente tseo bana ba hao ba li fumanang, liente tsa motsoako li ka fokotsa palo ea lifofane tseo a li fumanang nako le nako. Ka mohlala, ho e-na le ho etela bana ba hae ba babeli, ba bane le ba likhoeli tse tšeletseng ba etela hantle, ho e-na le likoloto tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa DTaP, IPV, le Hib, ngoana oa hao a ka fumana palo e le 'ngoe ea Pentacel palo ka nako.
Histori ea Kemiso ea Liente
Mokhoa oa hona joale oa lenane la ho etsa liente tsa bongoana, o hlahisoang selemo le selemo ke Komiti ea Boeletsi ea Litloaelo tsa ho Koetlisa (ACIP), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), le American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), e qalileng ho hatisoa ka 1995. Nakong eo, ho khothalletsoa hore liente li kenye letsoho la hepatitis B, DTP, le hoja DTaP e ne e fumaneha ka likhoeli tse 15 ho isa ho tse 18 le lilemo tse 4 ho isa ho tse 6, Td, OPV (ente ea oral poliovirus) le MMR.
Pele ho 1995, ACIP e phatlalalitse lipampiri tsa thibelo ea ente neng kapa neng ha ho etsoa lits'ebeletso tse ncha tse ileng tsa fetola kemiso, e kang e etsahetseng ka:
- 1994 - liente tsa Hib le hepatitis B tse khothalletsoang bana bohle le bo-MMR bakeng sa bana bohle
- 1989 - Koetliso ea Hib e khothalletsoang bana bohle ba nang le lilemong tse 18 le booster MMR e khothalletsoang bana ba bangata
- 1983 - lenaneong lena, bana ba fumana DTP (litekanyetso tse 5), OPV (likhase tse 4), MMR (dose e le 'ngoe), le Td
Le hoja batsoali ba bang ba ka rata ho khutlela lenaneong lena la pele ha bana ba fumana liente tse fokolang, ke habohlokoa ho hopola karolo e 'ngoe ea histori, kaha le eona e ne e le nako eo ka eona selemo le selemo batho (haholo-holo bana) ba nang le:
- Pneumonia, meningitis, le tšoaetso ea mali ho tsoa mabaktheria a Streptococcus pneumoniae - linyeoe tse 63 067 le ba shoeleng ba 6500
- Meningitis, epiglottitis, le mafu a mang a tebileng a tsoang ho haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) libaktheria - linyeoe tse 20 000 le bafu ba 1 000
- Meningococcemia le meningococcal meningitis
- Hepatitis A - linyeoe tse 117 333, likolo tse 6863 tsa baeti le ba shoeleng ba 137
- Hepatitis B - 66, linyeoe tse 232, li-hospitalizations tse 7 340, le ba 237 ba shoang
- Rotavirus gastroenteritis - linyeoe tse limilione tse 3, li-hospitalizations tse 70, le batho ba 20 ho isa ho 60 ba shoang
- Chickenpox - linyeoe tse ka holimo ho limilione tse 4, li-hospitalizations tse 10 000 le batho ba 100 ba bolailoeng
- Mefuta e tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa ea HPV e ka bakang kankere ea mokokotlo
'Me kaha liente li ile tsa hlahisoa bakeng sa mafu ana le a mang a thibeloang ke thibelo, mafu a mangata a fokotsehile ho karolo ea 99 ho ea ho lekholo.
Ha ho ntse ho etsoa ho eketsehileng ho tiisetsa batsoali ka ts'ireletso ea liente, ho kenyeletsoa hore boiteko ba ho kopanya autism le liente bo se bo sa amohelehe ebile thibelo e tlosoa lichankaneng tsohle nakong ea liente tsa bokhachane, e tla be e le bomalimabe ho lumella likhutsana tsa 'mele hore li fokotse 'me maloetse ana a khutla.
> Mehloli:
> Nako e telele: Melao-motheo le litšebeletso tsa mafu a mafu a tšoaetsanoang Phetolelo e hlalositsoeng, 3rd ed. - 2009.
Tlaleho ea Komiti ea Amerika ea Lipatlisiso ea Komiti ea Pediatric: Pediatrics ea Amerika: Lintho tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa Millennium. Matšoao a mafu, Jun 2001; 107: 1482 - 1491.
> Shapiro-Shapin CG. Pearl Kendrick, Grace Eldering, le vaccine ea pertussis. Emerg Infect Dis. Buka ea 16, Nomoro ea 8-August 2010.
> Mandell: Mandell, Douglas, le melao-motheo ea Bennett le mekhoa ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang, la 7th ed.
> Poliomyelitis Thibelo United States. Litlhahiso tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa Komiti ea Boeletsi ea Litloaelo tsa ho Koetlisa (ACIP). MMWR. La 19 May, 2000/49 (RR05); 1-22.
> Haemophilus b Likokoana-hloko tse koetlisetsoang ho thibela haemophilus > mafu a sefuba > Mofuta oa b Mafu Har'a masea le Bana Likhoeli tse peli tsa Melemo le Lits'ebeletso tsa khale tsa ACIP. MMWR. La 11 January, 1991/40 (RR01); 1-7
> Phihlelo ea Bophelo ba Sechaba, 1900-1999 Tšusumetso ea Liente Tlhahisoleseding ea Univesithi e Khothalletsoa Bana - > United > States, 1990-1998. MMWR. La 2 April 1999/48 (12); 243-248
> Roush SW. Litšoantšiso tsa histori tsa ho kula le ho shoa ha mafu a thibeloang ke ente United States. JAMA. 14-NOV-2007; 298 (18): 2155-63
> Evan J. Anderson. Tšusumetso ea Rotavirus Vaccination ho Lipetlele-Ho fumanoa Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ho Bana. Phekolo ea bana ba 2011; 127: e264-e270.