Batho ba bangata ba baholo, haholo-holo batsoali, ba sitoa ho utloisisa khopolo ea ho hlokomoloha ngoana. Leha ho le joalo, ka masoabi liketsahalo tse likete tsa ho hlokomoloha bana li teng United States.
Ka selemo sa 2015, ho ea ka Bureau ea Bana, karolo ea Lefapha la Bophelo le Litšebeletso tsa Botho, bana ba ka bang 683 000 naheng eo ba ne ba nkoa e le bahlaseluoa ba tlhekefetso kapa ho hlokomolohuoa, 'me hoo e ka bang 75 lekholong ea ba hlokomolohang.
Ho hobe le ho feta, ofisi ena e hakantsoe hore bana ba 1 670 ba hlokahetse ka 2015 ho tsoa tlhekefetso kapa ho hlokomolohuoa.
Ho hlokomoloha ke e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa ea ho hlekefetsoa ha bana. E ka ama bophelo ba ngoana 'meleng le kelellong ' me e ka lebisa liphellong tsa nako e telele.
Tlhaloso ea ho Hlokomoloha
Molao oa Ts'ebetso oa Thibelo ea Bana ba Tlhekefetso ea Bana (CAPTA) o hlalosa ho hlokomolohuoa ka molao e le "Ketso leha e le efe ea morao-rao kapa ho hlōleha ho etsa karolo ea motsoali kapa mohlokomeli ea nang le kotsi e haufi ea ho lematsa ngoana."
Melao ea naha e atisa ho hlalosa ho hlokomolohuoa ke ho hloleha ha motsoali kapa mohlokomeli ho fana ka lijo, bolulo, liphahlo, tlhokomelo ea meriana, kapa tlhokomelo holima tekanyo ea hore bophelo ba ngoana, tšireletseho le boiketlo ba bana bo kotsing ka kotsi.
Mantsoe a mang a kenyelletsa ntle ho lebaka bakeng sa ho hlokomoloha. Ka mohlala, motsoali ea nyatsang phekolo e itseng bakeng sa ngoana ka litumelo tsa bolumeli a ka fuoa tokoloho.
Boemo ba lichelete ba motsoali bo ka 'na ba nkoa hape.
Ka mohlala, motsoali ea phelang bofutsaneng , a ka 'na a thatafalloa ho fa bana lijo kapa bolulo bo lekaneng, a ka' na a se ke a nkoa a hlokomoloha haeba lelapa le kōpa thuso ea lichelete kapa haeba le etsa se molemo ka ho fetisisa le seo ba nang le sona.
Mefuta ea ho se tsotelle
Ho hlokomolohuoa ho na le mefuta e sa tšoaneng. Mona ke mefuta ea motheo ea ho hlokomolohuoa:
- Ho hlokomoloha 'mele - Ho se tsotelle litlhoko tsa motheo tsa ngoana joaloka bohloeki, liaparo, phepo e nepahetseng, kapa bolulo, kapa ho lahla ngoana.
- Ho hlokomoloha bongaka - Ho latola kapa ho lieha ho hlokahala phekolo ea bongaka.
- Tlhokomelo e sa lekaneng - Ho siea ngoana ea ke keng a itlhokomela lapeng a le mong, a sa sireletse ngoana likotsing tsa polokeho, kapa a siea ngoana ka tlhokomelo e sa lekaneng.
- Ho hlokomoloha maikutlong - Ho pepesa ngoana tlhekefetso ea malapeng kapa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, kapa ho se fe lerato kapa tšehetso ea maikutlo.
- Ho hlokomoloha thuto - Ho sitoa ho ngolisa ngoana sekolong, ho lumella ngoana hore a qete sekolong , kapa a hlokomolohe litlhoko tsa thuto e khethehileng ea ngoana.
Lintho Tse Kotsi Tsa ho Hlokomoloha
Batsoali ha ba ikemisetse ho hlokomoloha bana ba bona. Empa, ka mabaka a sa tšoaneng, batsoali ba bang ha ba khone ho finyella litlhoko tsa ngoana ka ho lekaneng.
Ka linako tse ling ho hlokomolohuoa ha ho hlokahale, joalo ka boemo ba 'mè e monyenyane ea sa utloisiseng ntshetsopele ea bana. A ka 'na a se ke a hlokomela hore na lesea la hae le hloka ho fepa kapa ho fetoha hangata hakae.
Ka linako tse ling, ho kula ha kelello ea batsoali kapa mathata a ho sebelisa lithethefatsi ho ka ba thibela ho fa bana ba bona tlhokomelo e lekaneng. Ntate ea nang le tšusumetso ea lithethefatsi a ke ke a khona ho thibela ngoana oa hae hore a se ke a le mong ka ntle.
Lintlha tse latelang li fumanoe ho eketsa kotsi ea bana ea ho hlokomolohuoa:
- Lintho tsa tikoloho - bofutsana, ho hloka tšehetso ea sechaba, khatello ea moahelani
- Lintho tsa lelapa - malapa a motsoali a se nang molekane, pefo ea malapeng, khatello ea lelapa
- Lintho tsa motsoali - ho hloka mosebetsi, maemo a tlaase a maemo a bophelo, lilemo tsa bokhachane, khatello ea batsoali, mathata a bophelo bo botle, lefu la kelello, litaba tse sebelisoang hampe
- Lintho tsa bana - ho lieha ho ntlafatsa
Matšoao a ho Hlokomoloha Bana
Hangata, ke tichere kapa moahelani ea amehang ea ka 'nang a hlokomela matšoao a lemosang hore ngoana o hlokomolohuoa. Ngoana ea tlaase ka tlaase ho bobebe feela ea atisang ho ea sekolong kapa ngoana e monyenyane ea bapalang ka ntle ka lihora tsohle tsa letsatsi ntle le motho e moholo ho bona a ka hlahisa lifolakha tse khubelu.
Ho na le matšoao a mangata a ka bontšang monyetla oa hore ngoana o hlokomolohuoa, ho akarelletsa:
- Ho ba sieo khafetsa sekolong
- Ha e na liaparo tse lekaneng kapa e apere hantle bakeng sa boemo ba leholimo
- Ho utsoa kapa ho lla bakeng sa lijo kapa chelete
- E lula e le litšila kapa e na le monko o matla oa 'mele
- Ho sebelisa lino tse tahang joala kapa lithethefatsi
- Lacks li hloka tlhokomelo ea bongaka kapa meno, likhalase kapa liente
- E bolela hore ha ho na lehae la ho hlokomela
Lipontšo tseo motsoali kapa mohlokomeli a ka 'nang a se ke a hlokomela ngoana ka ho lekaneng li kenyeletsa:
- Boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang kapa bo makatsang
- Ho bonahala eka ha a tsotelle kapa a tepeletse maikutlo
- Ho bonahala eka ha a iphapanyetse ngoana
- Ho sebelisa lithethefatsi kapa joala hampe
Hase kamehla bana ba hlokomolohang bana ka lebaka la motsoali ea hlōlehang ho ba teng litlhoko tsa bana ba bona; ka linako tse ling, dikgetho ha li fumanehe ka lebaka la ho hloka chelete kapa mehloli. Ha motsoali a sitoa ho hlokomela ngoana ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke lisebelisuoa, hangata litšebeletso li etsoa ho thusa lelapa ho finyella litlhoko tsa ngoana.
Liphello tsa ho Hlokomoloha
Esita le haeba ngoana a tlosoa boemong bo bobe, liphello tsa ho hlokomoloha li ka nka nako e telele. Tse ling tsa liphello tseo ngoana ea hlokomolohuoang a ka li fumanang ke tsena:
- Mathata a bophelo bo botle le nts'etsopele - Phepo e nepahetseng e ka senya ntlafatso ea boko . Ho hloka liente tse lekaneng le mathata a bongaka ho ka lebisa mefuteng e fapaneng ea bophelo bo botle. Phuputso ea Sechaba ea Bana le Bacha ea Hantle e fumanoe hantle hore karolo ea 28 lekholong ea bana ba tšoeroe ke maemo a bophelo bo sa foleng lilemo tse tharo ka mor'a ho tlosoa boemong bo hlokomolohang.
- Ho senyeha ho nahanisisa - Ho haelloa ke ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ho ka lebisa ho mathata a kelello. Bana ba nang le histori ea ho hlokomolohuoa ba ka 'na ba e-ba le mathata a thuto kapa ba lieha kapa ba sitoa ho ntlafatsa puo .
- Mathata a maikutlo - Ho hlokomoloha ho ka lebisa litabeng tse amanang le tsona, mathata a ho itšepa, le bothata ba ho tšepa ba bang.
- Mathata a sechaba le a boitšoaro - Bana ba hlokomolohang ba ka 'na ba loanela ho hlaolela likamano tse ntle' me ba ka ba le mathata a boitšoaro . Litlaleho tsa NSCAW li entse qeto ea hore ba fetang halofo ea ba ileng ba tšoaroa hampe ba ne ba kotsing ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe, tlhekefetso, matšoao kapa bokhachane.
Ho ea ka Lefapha la Bophelo le Lefapha la Botho la United States, hoo e ka bang karolo ea bobeli ho tse tharo ea lefu le amanang le ho tšoaroa hampe ha bana e akarelletsa ho hlokomolohuoa. Likotsi tsa ho hlokomoloha li ka etsahala ka bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 7. Ho hlokomoloha ho bolaoa hangata ho bakoa ke ho hloka tlhokomelo, ho hlokomoloha ho sa feleng, kapa ho hlokomolohuoa ka bongaka.
Phekolo ea Bana ba sa Hlokomolohang
Mohato oa pele oa ho phekola ngoana ea hlokomolohuoa ke ho tiisa hore ngoana o sireletsehile. Bafani ba litšebeletso ba ka khona ho eketsa ts'ireletso le ho fokotsa ho hlokomolohuoa ka ho fana ka lelapa le mehloli le thuto.
Maemong a mang, bana ba ka 'na ba hloka ho kenngoa tikolohong e' ngoe ho thibela kotsi e eketsehileng. Ngoana a ka behoa le mong ka eena ea ka fanang ka tlhokomelo e lekaneng, mohlala.
Bafani ba litšebeletso ba ka thusa ka litsela tse loketseng, tse kang litšebeletso tsa bongaka, tlhokomelo ea meno kapa litšebeletso tsa thuto.
Kalafo ea kelello e ka boela ea thusa. Bana ba hlokomolohiloeng ba ka rua molemo litšebeletsong tsa bongaka ho ba thusa hore ba sebetsane le maikutlo a bona, boitšoaro ba bona kapa lintho tse amehileng.
Kalafo, e kang ts'ebeletso ea tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi kapa phekolo ea kelello, e ka fuoa le bahlokomeli ho ba thusa ho hlomelloa hantle ho hlokomela bana ba bona.
Tsela ea ho Tlaleha ho Hlokomoloha
Ha ho tluoa tabeng ea ho tlaleha ho hlokomolohuoa, melao ea naha e fapana ho mang ea hlokang ho e tlaleha. Linaheng tse ling, ke litsebi tsa bongaka feela, matichere, bafani ba tlhokomelo ea bana, le balaoli ba tsamaiso ea molao ba laetsoeng ke batlalehi ba litaba.
Linaheng tse ling, moahi e mong le e mong ea belaellang tlhekefetso kapa ho hlokomolohuoa o lokela ho tlaleha. Ho belaela ka mokhoa o utloahalang-ho ka kenyelletsa litlhaloso tsa boinotši kapa lipolelo tse feteletseng tsa motsoali kapa ngoana-ke tsona tsohle tse hlokahalang ho tlaleha tlhekefetso kapa ho hlokomolohuoa.
Haeba u nahana hore ngoana o hlokomolohuoa, tsebisa Lefapha la Bophelo le Litšebeletso tsa Botho. U ka boela ua letsetsa 1-800-4-A-Bana (1-800-422-4453) ho tlaleha ho hlokomoloha bana. Litsebi tse koetlisitsoeng li hlahloba litlaleho tsa ho hlokomolohuoa le ho hlekefetsoa. Tlhahlobo e pharaletseng e thusa ho fumana hore na ke litšebeletso life tse hlokahalang ho boloka bana ba sireletsehile.
Haeba u nahana hore ngoana bophelong ba hao o hlokomolohuoa, u se ke ua qeaqea ho e tlaleha, le haeba u sa kholisehe ka boemo bona. Nakong e fetileng ba boholong ba ka kena-kenana, pele pejana ngoana a ka fumana thuso-'me ha u tsebe, u ka be u pholositse bophelo ba ngoana.
> Mohloli
> Ben-David V, Jonson-Reid M. Tšebelisano har'a batho ba baholo ba phonyohileng ho hlokomolohuoa ha bongoana: Karolo e sieo ea lingoliloeng. Tlhahlobo ea Litšebeletso tsa Bana le Bacha . 2017; 78: 93-103.
> Tsela ea Boitsebiso ba Boipheliso ea Bana: Liketso tsa ho hana: Tlhaloso ea ho se tsotelle bana.
> Lavi I, Katz C. Mantsoe a sa tsotelleng: Lithuto tsa lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso tse latelang ho hlokomolohuoa. Tlhahlobo ea Litšebeletso tsa Bana le Bacha . 2016; 70: 171-176.
> Shanahan ME, Runyan DK, Martin SL, Kotch JB. Bokooa bo ka hare ho bofutsana ha ho etsahala ho hlokomoloha 'mele. Tlhahlobo ea Litšebeletso tsa Bana le Bacha . 2017; 75: 1-6.
> Wert MV, Fallon B, Trocmé N, Collin-Vézina D. Ho hlokomoloha thuto: Ho utloisisa lilemo tse 20 tsa mekhoa ea boiketlo ba bana. Ho hlekefetsoa ha bana le ho hlokomoloha . May 2017.